After the dissolution of the Soviet Union, it was discovered that the environmental problems were greater than what the Soviet authorities admitted. Around the industrial cities of Monchegorsk and Norilsk, where nickel, for example, is mined, all forests have been destroyed by contamination, while the northern and other parts of Russia have been affected by emissions. During the 1990s, people in the West were also interested in the radioactive hazards of nuclear facilities, decommissioned nuclear submarines, and the processing of nuclear waste or spent nuclear fuel. It was also known in the early 1990s that the USSR had transported radioactive material to the Barents Sea and Kara Sea, which was later confirmed by the Russian parliament. The crash of the K-141 Kursk submarine in 2000 in the west further raised concerns.

• Stalin used it to order Western European communist parties to abandon their exclusively parliamentarian line and instead concentrate on politically impeding the operations of the Marshall Plan.
• The absolute highest temperatures in Egypt occur when the Khamaseen blows.
• Serious damage was done to the largest sector of Egypt’s economy—tourism—and in turn to the government, but it also devastated the livelihoods of many of the people on whom the group depended for support.
• Following Stalin’s death in 1953, a period known as de-Stalinization occurred under the leadership of Nikita Khrushchev.
• Also, Egypt possesses the largest oil refinery capacity in Africa 726,000 bbl/d .

In 2009, Dr. Ali El Deen Hilal Dessouki, Media Secretary of the National Democratic Party , described Egypt as a “pharaonic” political system, and democracy as a “long-term goal”. Dessouki also stated that “the real center of power in Egypt is the military”. In the 1980s, 1990s, and 2000s, terrorist attacks in Egypt became numerous and severe, and began to target Christian Copts, foreign tourists and government officials. In the 1990s an Islamist group, Al-Gama’a al-Islamiyya, engaged in an extended campaign of violence, from the murders and attempted murders of prominent writers and intellectuals, to the repeated targeting of tourists and foreigners. Serious damage was done to the largest sector of Egypt’s economy—tourism—and in turn to the government, but it also devastated the livelihoods of many of the people on whom the group depended for support. British forces completed their withdrawal from the occupied Suez Canal Zone on 13 June 1956.

Debate over the participation in the 1936 games in the United States was fierce. Some athletes wanted to go to show the best way to beat the Nazis was in the Olympic arena. Others thought US participation would equate an endorsement of the Third Reich. Some boycott proponents supported a “counter Olympics.” One of the largest was the “People’s Olympiad” planned for summer 1936 in Barcelona, Spain. It was cancelled after the outbreak of the Spanish Civil War in July 1936, just as thousands of athletes had begun to arrive.

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In 1989, during the closing stages of the Cold War, various hockey bas st laurent simple lettre countries of the Warsaw Pact overthrew their Marxist–Leninist regimes, which was accompanied by the outbreak of strong nationalist and separatist movements across the entire Soviet Union. In August 1991, hardline members of the Communist Party staged a coup d’état against Gorbachev; the attempt failed, with Boris Yeltsin playing a high-profile role in facing down the unrest, and the Communist Party was subsequently banned. The Soviet republics, led by Russia and Ukraine, formally declared independence. All of the republics emerged from the dissolution of the Soviet Union as fully independent post-Soviet states. Above the other former republics, the Russian Federation assumed the Soviet Union’s rights and obligations and has since remained recognized as its successor legal personality in international affairs.

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The International Olympic Committee even promotes the concept of the “Olympic Truce” in its charter, a policy which was observed during the ancient Olympics. Despite the IOC’s goals for international peace during the games, politics have disrupted the Olympic games throughout modern history, whether by boycotts, propaganda, or protests. Egypt’s authorities do not release figures on death sentences and executions, despite repeated requests over the years by human rights organisations. The United Nations human rights office and various NGOs expressed “deep alarm” after an Egyptian Minya Criminal Court sentenced 529 people to death in a single hearing on 25 March 2014.

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Technical secondary education has two strands, one lasting three years and a more advanced education lasting five. Graduates of these schools may have access to higher education based on their results on the final exam, but this is generally uncommon. Likewise, Armenians made up the then larger Armenian Orthodox and Catholic communities.

However, the term “Soviet Russia” – strictly applicable only to the Russian Federative Socialist Republic – was often applied to the entire country by non-Soviet writers. From its creation, the government in the Soviet Union was based on the one-party rule of the Communist Party . The stated purpose was to prevent the return of capitalist exploitation, and that the principles of democratic centralism would be the most effective in representing the people’s will in a practical manner. The debate over the future of the economy provided the background for a power struggle in the years after Lenin’s death in 1924. Initially, Lenin was to be replaced by a “troika” consisting of Grigory Zinoviev of the Ukrainian SSR, Lev Kamenev of the Russian SFSR, and Joseph Stalin of the Transcaucasian SFSR. In addition, in the national languages of several republics, the word council or conciliar in the respective language was only quite late changed to an adaptation of the Russian soviet and never in others, e.g.

Egypt also used to have a large Roman Catholic community, largely made up of Italians and Maltese. These non-native communities were much larger in Egypt before the Nasser regime and the nationalisation that took place. Of the Christian population in Egypt over 90% belong to the native Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria, an Oriental Orthodox Christian Church. Other native Egyptian Christians are adherents of the Coptic Catholic Church, the Evangelical Church of Egypt and various other Protestant denominations. Non-native Christian communities are largely found in the urban regions of Cairo and Alexandria, such as the Syro-Lebanese, who belong to Greek Catholic, Greek Orthodox, and Maronite Catholic denominations. Egypt has the largest Muslim population in the Arab world, and the sixth world’s largest Muslim population, and home for (5%) of the world’s Muslim population.